Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

Effective capture of As(V) from water by a facile one step hydrothermal synthesized of 2-D bismuthene quantum dots nanosorbent

BMC Chemistry volume 18, Article number: 202 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Arsenic species have been known for their toxic impact on human. Therefore, removal of such pollutant requires efficient and effective removal methodology from polluted water. In this study, bismuthene quantum dots (Bi-ene-QDs) were fabricated by a green and facile one pot-hydrothermal conversion reaction of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O. Bi-ene-QDs exhibited semi-spherical crystalline providing 6.0 nm 157.78 m2/g. Consequently, As(V) capturing by Bi-ene-QDs revealed optimum practical conditions at pH 3, interaction duration time 40 min and 10 mg Bi-ene-QDs dosage. The interaction of As(V) ions with Bi-ene-QDs were confirmed by the appearance of As-O stretching vibration. Moreover, Bi-ene-QDs achieved excellent adsorptive capture percentages of Arsenic ions from sea, tap and wastewater providing 94.61, 95.21 and 94.38% from contaminated samples with 5 mg L−1 Arsenic ions. Therefore, Bi-ene-QDs can be categorized as an unprecedented and efficient nanosorbent for the successful removal of Arsenic ions pollution from various wastewater matrices with > 90.0% efficiency.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

The evolution of nanotechnology has grabbed great scientific and technical attentions due to multiple implementations in various scopes as medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering [1,2,3]. Quantum dots are defined as synthetic materials from very tiny size less than 10 nm with extraordinary optical, electronic specifications and others which are considered a major theme in nanotechnology [4]. QDs are categorized into three classes as core-QDs, core–shell QDs and alloyed QDs as the QDs characteristics are not only detected with the particle size but also by constituents and formula [5]. Furthermore, core-QDs are defined as synthesized QDs from single uniformly distributed composite in the inner composition as selenides, sulfides and tellurides of transition metals besides carbon, graphene QDs silicon, germanium QDs and etc. [1]. However, core–shell QDs are known as QDs with modified optical specifications due to the formation of shells on the QDs core such as CdSe QDs in the center and ZnS QDs in the shell. Alloyed QDs are defined as multi composites alloyed QDs and generally utilized to fabricate QDs with elevated luminescence and improved optical and electronic characteristics without changing the molecular size like cadmium selenium sulfide with uniform and gradient inner formula [6]. Further, numerous researches investigated the QDs specifications and applications in several scopes as medicine for diagnosis and the detection of diseases by biosensors [7], besides electrochemical sensing which is dependent on the semiconductor QDs and their applications in ecological and food analysis [8]. Moreover, the specific optical characteristics of QDs as powerful photoluminescence permit them to be utilized in fluorescence picturing, light releasing diodes with various releasing spectra and solar cells [9, 10]. Thereafter, quantum dots (QDs) and their unique composites were recently employed in water remediation, besides other emerging applications [11]. QDs and the modulated compounds are also characterized with multiple emerging specifications, if compared to ordinary adsorbents as they have elevated sensitivity, and enhanced selectivity for sensing implementations [12, 13].

Hence, various focused studies were reported on the fabrication of quantum dots from diverse sources and their modification with multi-component systems to enhance the stability properties, elimination efficiency and minimization of toxicity in water remediation [14,15,16,17,18,19].

Bismuth (Bi) is one of the most explored elements of group 5A due to unparalleled characteristics as elevated electron movement (electron transmitting specifications), semi-metal binding, spin orbit reaction, elevated adaptability, low toxicity and high settlement [20]. In addition, compounds including bismuth attained high elimination efficiency for inorganic anionic pollutants by ligand interchange and electrostatic conjunction [21, 22]. The extremely small zero-dimensional bismuthene quantum dots (Bi-ene-QDs) material is known as a promising subordinate of 2D bismuthene with multiple characteristics to facilitate incorporation into fiber apparatus which showed great thermal and chemical settlement as well as in the field of ultrafast photonic fabrication [23,24,25]. However, the applications of Bi-ene-QDs derivatives in water treatment need to be widely investigated [22].

Arsenic is one of the most common poisons in the history due its high toxicity [26]. Therefore, ecosystem arsenic pollution is caused by naturalistic or anthropogenic way [27]. Naturalistic way involves volcanic eruptions, fires, and hydrothermal metallic sedimentation [28], while, anthropogenic way involve mining, besides various kinds of industrial operations like combustion of fossil fuels, agronomical production, iron and steel manufacture as well as tanning processes [29]. Exposition to arsenic can cause cancer to skin, kidney, bladder, and lung, besides stomach and esophageal pain, hyperkeratosis the increasing in the thickness of the skin, heart problems, liver disorder and cardiovascular diseases [30,31,32,33]. Unfortunately, around 50 million persons in Asia consumed arsenic with concentration 50 μg L−1 or more and about 500,000 of them died because of arsenic poisoning and consequently, (WHO) and (USEPA) recommended that the total arsenic concentration in portable water should not exceed 0.01 mg/L [34, 35].

Now a day, the arsenate decontamination as well as other pollutants from water has become a very important mission and therefore, several methods have been studied [36,37,38,39,40,41,42]. Nevertheless, these water purification technologies are suffering from multiple potential disadvantages as the necessity of effective and accurate pH adjusting, occurrence of interfering ions which decrease the arsenic elimination capacity, repeated recycling processes, besides expensiveness and the toxic solid reaction residuals [40]. Adsorption is considered the most convenient arsenic elimination method which is facile process, cheap, with high selectivity besides the broad availability of several adsorbents [43]. Several natural and artificial adsorbents have been testified for detecting the standard arsenic elimination conditions as carbon containing materials, clays and zeolites [44]. Nevertheless, these adsorbents have many defects as slow kinetic of elimination reactions, low elimination efficiency for high concentration and un-preferred cost which limit their wide application [45]. As previously reported, bismuth including biochar achieved was reported with good elimination capacity of arsenic [20], while bismuth oxide was identified to eliminate arsenite as well as arsenate [46].

Based on the above-mentioned facts, new, simple and effective adsorbent materials are recently aimed to design, assemble and investigate in removal of arsenic ions from aquatic systems. Moreover, sorbents including bismuthene quantum dots (Bi-ene-QDs) or their composites have not been widely investigated in water purification [47]. Thus, Bi-ene-QDs material was fabricated in this work by using a simple hydrothermal technique and aimed to apply as a promising nanosorbent for removal of As(V) ions based on the incorporated good as strong capture specifications with inorganic anions as arsenate. Consequently, the fabricated Bi-ene-QDs material was aimed to characterize by different technique to favor efficient arsenate removal with high percentages. The optimum conditions for uptake of As(V) were also aimed to figure out and optimize in this study.

Experimental

Instrumentation

All used equipment are listed in Table 1

Table 1 Instruments and specifications
Full size table

Fabrication of bismuthene quantum dots (bi-ene-qds)

Bi-ene-QDs were fabricated by facile one step hydrothermal process. Primarily, 30 mg of Bi(NO3)3·5H2O was added to 40 mL double distilled water (DDW) and stirred for half hour, then the mixture was transferred to a Teflon padded stainless steel autoclave and heated for 3 h at 180 °C to confirming the successful growth of bismuthene quantum dots. Subsequently, the autoclave was left to cool till reaching the room temperature and the resulted Bi-ene-QDs material was washed and subjected to centrifugation several times by DDW and then desiccated at 60 °C [48].

As(V) removal studies

As(V) (1000 mg L−1) stock solution was initially prepared and 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 solution were obtained by successive dilutions. The absorbance of As(V) was measured by a spectrophotometer at wavelength λmax = 840 nm. Accordingly, 2 mL As(V) solution was mixed with 0.4 mL (6.5 g L−1) (NH4)2MoO4 and 0.2 mL of (100 g L−1) C6H8O6 then 10 mL DW was added and absorbance was determine after 90 min [49]. The As(V) removal from water onto Bi-ene-QDs were examined and optimized by several parameters by monitoring the related factors to Bi-ene-QDs) dosage, As(V) concentration, interaction duration, pH, ionic strength in addition to reaction temperature according to the following procedures.

The ph influence on As(V) removal by Bi-ene-QD

This factor was investigated by controlling the pH of 20 mL As(V) solutions (5, 10 and 25 mg. L −1) concentrations by 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1M HCl at the pH range from pH 1.0 to 11.0. These were mixed with 10 mg of Bi-ene-QDs and mechanically vibrated for 40 min by automatic shaker. Eventually, Bi-ene-QDs were removed from solution by filter paper and the absorbance of residual As(V) was examined by a spectrophotometer. Moreover, point of zero charge (PZC) of Bi-ene-QDs was done by adding 0.1 g of Bi-ene-QDs to 40 mL of 0.01 potassium chloride, while the pH was adjusted at the extent 2–11 and the solutions were mechanically vibrated for four hours at room temperature. Thereafter, the eventual solutions pH was measured after 12 h and (PZC) was measured via plotting of ΔpH against initial pH.

The Bi-ene-QD dosage influence on As(V) removal

This factor was investigated by adjusting 20 mL of As(V) solutions (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1) to pH 3.0. Various dosages of Bi-ene- QDs in the rang 2–50 mg were then added and theses solutions were vibrated for 40 min. Eventually, posterior filtration the absorbance was measured as previously mentioned.

The ionic strength influence on As(V) removal

This factor was examined by adding 10 mg of Bi-ene-QDs to several weights of NaCl in the extent 10 -100 mg. it was then mixed with 20 mL of As(V) solutions (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1). After controlling the pH to 3.0, the solutions were mechanically vibrated for 40 min. Thereafter, the absorbance was detected after Bi-ene-QDs separation from solutions as previously mentioned.

The interaction duration influence on As(V) removal

This factor was examined by adding 20 mL of As(V) solutions (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 to 10 mg of Bi-ene-QDs after controlling the solution pH to 3.0. These solutions were mechanically vibrated for the selected time period from 2 -60 min. Finally, the absorbance was detected as previously reported after Bi-ene-QDs separation from the solutions.

The As(V) concentration influence

This factor was examined by adding 10 mg Bi-ene-QDs to 20 mL As(V) solutions (5–50 mg L−1). After adjusting at pH3.0, the solutions were mechanically vibrated for 40 min. Then, the absorbance was detected after Bi-ene-QDs separation from solutions as previously mentioned.

The temperature influence on the As(V) removal

This factor was examined by adding 10 mg Bi-ene-QDs to 20 mL of arsenate solution (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1) at pH 3. These solutions were vibrated for 40 min after the temperature was thermostated to the extent 25 to 60 °C. Thereafter, the absorbance was detected after separation of Bi-ene-QDs from solutions as previously reported.

Recycling of Bi-ene-QD

250 mg of Bi-ene-QDs was added to 40 mL of 100 mg L −1 arsenate solution and mechanically vibrated for 40 min, then filtered and treated with 100 of 0.1M of hydrochloric acid in addition to DW to attaining neutral pH and eventually dried at 60  C. Subsequently,10 mg of Bi-ene-QDs was added to 20 mL arsenate solution (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1) and vibrated for 40 min. then the remaining arsenate concentration was determined as previously reported, and this work was repeated for two more cycles.

Bi-ene-QD application to adsorptive capture of as(V) from actual water specimens

Bi-ene-QDs were applied to adsorptive capture of arsenate from real water matrices of tap water, wastewater and sea water to testify its efficiency. 10 mg mass of Bi-ene- QDs was reacted with 20 mL of 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 As(V) that prepared by these specimens. These were then mechanically vibrated for 40 min. then the remaining arsenate concentration was determined as previously reported.

Results and discussion

Characterization

According to the FT-IR spectrum of Bi-ene-QDs illustrated in Fig. 1a a vibrational peak at 3394 cm−1 for the hydroxyl group present on the Bi-ene-QDs exterior. While the vibrational peak at 1385 cm−1 is confirming the presence of bismuth in Bi-ene-QDs and two other peaks at 844 cm−1 and 553 cm−1 are ascribed to the Bi-O bond vibration [50]. Furthermore, the FT-IR corresponding to As(V)@Bi-ene-QDs referred to a band at 1028 cm−1 corresponds to As-O stretching vibration based on the possible capture of As(V) with Bi-ene-QDs [51].

Fig. 1
figure 1figure 1

a FT-IR spectra of (A) Bi-ene-QDs and (B) As(V)@Bi-ene-QDs. b XRD patterns of Bi-ene-QDs. c XPS of Bi-ene-QDs. d TEM image of Bi-ene-QDs. e SEM image of Bi-ene-QDs. f EDX of Bi-ene-QDs. g TGA of Bi-ene-QDs. h N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image

As clarified in Fig. 1b, the various bands in XRD pattern distinguish several bands at 25.29°, 39.13°, 41.97° and 46.69° which are conformable to planes (012), (104), (110) and (203) of the Bi-ene-QDs are perfectly matched with the rhombohedral Bi crystal formula (PDF#44e1246) [22]. While the two bands at 30.5° and 32.48° are correlated to the planes (211) and (220) to indicate the occurrence of Bi2O3 formula (PDF #78-1793) that was formed at the surface of Bi-ene-QDs to provide [52]. Therefore, it is evident from the XRD data that Bi-ene-QDs were successfully formed with crystalline formula.

The XPS survey of Bi-ene-QDs is provided in Fig. 1c to confirm the presence of Bi, O and N elements with atomic percentages 63.55%, 29.93% and 6.53%, correspondingly. The 158.58 eV and 163.87 eV peaks are indicating the chemical forms of Bi-4f7/2 and Bi-4f5/2, while the 159.4 eV band indicating the presence of Bi2O3 due to partially oxidized Bi-ene-QDs [53, 54]. The O 1s bands at 529.3 eV, 530.5 eV and 531.4 eV confirm the existence of Bi-O-Bi bond of Bi2O3 in the partially oxidized Bi-ene-QDs [52]. The 1Ns at 406.06 eV, 407.16 eV, 399.38 eV, and 403.08 eV approve the presence of nitrogen which is corresponding to the core standard 1Ns band of nitryl [55]. Finally, the XPS data refer to the successful preparation of Bi-ene-QDs with the presence of surface oxygen element to create a thin laminate of Bi2O3 on the Bi-ene-QDs surface that protect it from being further oxidized and therefore, increase the stability of formed Bi-ene-QDs [54].

The SEM and TEM images of Bi-ene-QDs are clarified in Fig. 1d and e, correspondingly to provide good evidences for the synthesized material with semi-spherical structure and average particle size 6 nm. Further, SEM and TEM images indicated the randomness in the formation of Bi-ene-QDs with multiple sizes less than 10 nm [22]. The EDX analysis is given in Fig. 1f and denotes to the elemental percentage of fabricated Bi-ene-QDs as it contains bismuth, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon with percentages 78.87%, 16.48%, 1.10% and 3.55%, correspondingly [54].

The thermal stability of Bi-ene-QDs was examined by TGA thermogram as stated at Fig. 1g which indicates that the thermal decomposition were taken place by three stages. Primarily, at the first stage in the temperature extent 30–130 °C confirms a progressive mass decomposition with loss of 6.4% and weight 0.43 mg which is corresponding to the water evaporation [56]. The second stage is centered at the temperature extent 130–290 °C with weight loss 0.08 mg and percentage 1.2%, while the third stage is at temperature extent 290–578 °C with weight loss 0.62 mg and percentage 91.7%. These two stages were exhibited by the decomposition of bismuth metal oxidation in addition to the decomposition of exterior laminate of bismuth oxide at 290  C [57].

The BET analysis of Bi-ene-QDs was performed to to identify the specific surface area as illustrated by the N2 adsorption isotherm (Fig. 1h). Bi-ene-QDs showed H1 kind hysteresis loop which are corresponding to IV kind isotherm and indicating a mesoporous structure of Bi-ene-QDs with symmetric pore size. Bi-ene-QDs exhibited good surface area (157.78 m2/g). The pore size, beside pore volume values in Bi-ene-QDs were measured by BJH technique and found 7.23 nm and 0.378 cm3/g, correspondingly [58].

Adsorptive capture studies of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD

The adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs was implemented by using batch removal operation that is depending on detecting the percentage of uptake as mentioned in the mathematical formula (1).

$$\text{\% }\mathbf{U}\mathbf{p}\mathbf{t}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{k}\mathbf{e} =\frac{{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{o}}-{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{e}}}{{\mathbf{C}}_{\mathbf{o}}} \times 100$$
(1)

And the qe value for adsorptive capture of As(V) at equilibrium is detected from mathematical formula (2). As Co and Ce are indicating primer and eventual concentrations of As(V), while V in L, and W in gm of Bi-ene-QDs [59].

$${{\varvec{q}}}_{{\varvec{e}}}=\frac{{{\varvec{C}}}_{{\varvec{o}}}-{{\varvec{C}}}_{{\varvec{e}}}}{{\varvec{W}}/{\varvec{V}}}$$
(2)

The ph influence on capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD and PZC

Point of zero charge (PZC) is a practical method for finding out the Bi-ene-QDs charge at multiple pHs extent as well as constant ionic strength as mentioned as illustrated in Fig. 2a. The PZC of Bi-ene-QDs = 5 and indicating that the Bi-ene-QDs charge below this point is dominantly positive, while posterior this point the Bi-ene-QDs charge is dominantly negative [60].

Fig. 2
figure 2

a Point of zero charge of Bi-ene-QDs. b Influence of pH on the abstraction of arsenate by (Bi-ene-QDs)

Full size image

The influence of pH on effectiveness of adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs was examined in pH range 2.0–11.0 as clarified at Fig. 2b. It was observed that the removal percentage at pH 1.0 was very low yielding 69.61, 65.73, 57.75% for 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 arsenate, correspondingly and these values were attained to maximum removal percentage at pH 3.0 exhibiting 95.54, 90.2 and 86.46 for 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 arsenate, correspondingly. Moreover, with pH elevation, the percentage of adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs were decline to be 57.22, 53.41 and 50.68% by 5, 10 plus 25 mg L−1 As(V), correspondingly at pH 11.0. The existence of As(V) ions at pH < 2.3 is mainly in the formula of H3AsO4, while at pH extent 2.3–6.7 is mainly existing in the H2AsO4−1 formula and at pH > 6.7 it is present as HAsO4−2. According to the characterized PZC of Bi-ene-QDs, the surface is generally positive below pH 5.0. Therefore, Bi-ene-QDs could interact and complex with the negatively charged arsenate formulas to reach maximum adsorptive capture percentages of As(V) at pH 3.0. However, the decline in adsorptive capture percentages which might be attributed to the repulsion between arsenate ions the negative surface of Bi-ene-QDs at pH > 5.0 [61].

The Bi-eneQD mass influence on capture studies of As(V) by bi-ene-qds

The impact of Bi-ene-QDs weight on adsorptive capture percentages was examined by using 2.0–50.0 mg as demonstrated in Fig. 3. It was found that upon using 2.0 mg of Bi-ene-QDs, the adsorptive capture percentages of As(V) were 64.44, 58.51 and 50.89%, for  5, 10 plus 25 mg L−1 arsenate, correspondingly. While at 50.0 mg mass, the removal percentages were enhanced to be 98.04, 97.08 and 95.09% for 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1 As(V), correspondingly. The elevation in As(V) removal percentage by Bi-ene-QDs with enhancing Bi-ene-QDs weight is mainly due to the rising in number of attainable sites for adsorptive capture of As(V) upon increasing the Bi-ene-QDs weight [62].

Fig. 3
figure 3

Effect of mass on As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image

The ionic strength and competing ions influence on capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD

The ionic strength impact was examined by sodium chloride using various weights between 10–100 mg to investigate its influence on adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs as clarified in Fig. 4 [63]. The capture percentages were identified as 93.07 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 90.21 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 87.43% by 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution in the presence of 10 mg mass of sodium chloride. In addition, the adsorptive capture percentages of As(V) were found to progressively increase till reaching to the maximum values at 100 mg of sodium chloride providing 98.79 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 97.71 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 96.41% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution. This behavior confirms the selectivity of Bi-ene-QDs toward As(V), besides the occurrence of internal sphere complexation which can be detected by no effect of ionic strength on the removal percentage of As(V) [64, 65]. Moreover, the presence of sodium ion was found to overcome the competitive impact of the chloride ion and thus led to direct enhancement in the removal efficiency of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs with increasing the ionic strength [66].

Fig. 4
figure 4

Effect of ionic strength on As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image

Moreover, the selective removal of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs in presence of other competing ions as Mg(II), Ca(II) and Zn(II) was also investigated by using 1:1 mg L−1 ratio. The percentage removal of As(V) were corresponded to 86.83%, 84.44% and 81.15% when separately combined with Mg(II), Ca(II) and Zn(II), respectively. These values are very close to that characterized for removal of As(V) ions by Bi-ene-QDs (87.13%) in absence of these competing ions.

The interaction duration influence on capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD and kinetics study

The interaction duration time at 2–60 min was utilized to characterize the optimum duration time for adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs as clarified at Fig. 5a. It was observed that at the first 2 min, As(V) was removed providing 54.58 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 48.49 for mg L−1 arsenate and 41.18% by 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution concentrations. Then the removal efficiency values were identified to reach the equilibrium at interaction duration 40 min with removal percentages corresponding to 95.05 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 90.86 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate, and 87.62% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution. The rapid adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs can be interpreted by the presence of attainable active sites and when these were loaded with As(V) ions, the removal capacity were slowed down till equilibration at 40 min [67].

Fig. 5
figure 5

a Effect interaction duration for As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs. b Pseudo second order model for As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs. c RSM representation for removal of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image

Sorption kinetics is utilized to figure out the rate and removal mechanism(s) of arsenate ions via Bi-ene-QDs [68]. Therefore, five different kinetic patterns were examined including the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second-order, Intraparticle diffusion, power function and Elovich. The pseudo-first order pattern is relying on investigating the removal reactions in liquid–solid medium, as its supposes that permeation can take place from the interior of the nanosorbents and the variation at the adsorbate removal capacity with time is commensurate to the nanosorbent empty attainable and available sites [69] and the mathematical formula are mentioned in Table 2. As listed in Table 3 and Fig. 1Sa (Supplementary material), the R2 magnitudes were computed as 0.7328 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 0.8957 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 0.9171 for 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution. These are very low, besides the calculated removal magnitudes of As(V) (qecal) were not matching with the experimental measured ones (qeexp) to indicating that this model is inconvenient to describe the adsorptive capture interaction of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs [70].

Table 2 Several examined kinetic patterns for adsorptive sequestration of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs
Full size table
Table 3 Computed kinetic magnitudes for adsorptive sequestration of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs
Full size table

The pseudo-second-order is relying on a chemical removal process [71] and the mathematical formula is stated at Table 2. As listed in Fig. 5b, the R2 were found high as 0.9899 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 0.9881 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 0.9841 for 25 mg L−1 arsenate solutions. Moreover, the (qecal) measurements 9.50, 18.17 and 43.81 (mg g−1) are relatively close to the detected experimental values (qeexp) as 10.35 (mg g−1) for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 20.08 (mg g−1) for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 49.26 (mg g−1) for 25 mg L−1 arsenate, correspondingly to confirming that this pattern is suitable to depict the adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs. In addition, k2 were found to descended from 0.0179 (g/mg min) by 5 mg L −1 arsenate to 0.00276 (g/mg min) by 25 mg L −1 to confirm that Bi-ene-QDs remove low As(V) concentrations faster [72]. The expression of intraparticle diffusion is relying on two main concepts, the primer one is the diffusion of As(V) ions into Bi-ene-QDs, while the second concept supposes the As(V) pervasion into the Bi-ene-QDs pores [70] and the mathematical formula is provided in Table 2. The computed R2 by this pattern were 0.9607 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 0.9539 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate, 0.9626 for 25 mg L−1 arsenate concentrations. Besides, it was confirmed that with elevating the concentration of As(V), there was an enhancement in the diffusion rate constant (kid) and to refer to faster intraparticle As(V) pervasion operation at elevated concentrations [67]. According to Fig. 1Sb (Supplementary material), the intraparticle diffusion could not be taken as the main rate predominant stage as the lines of linear plot are not going through the origin [73].

Furthermore, the power function pattern was also examined to provide the relation among As(V) removal by Bi-ene-QDs and time [74] with the mathematical formula is given in Table 2. As stated at Table 3 and Fig. 1Sc (Supplementary material), it was observed that with increasing As(V) concentration, the power function rate constant (b) magnitude was elevated which mean at higher concentration the removal rate of As(V) was faster intraparticle As(V) pervasion operation at elevated concentrations [67]. The Elovich model is mainly applied for depicting the asymmetric surface as the most compatible pattern to interpret chemisorption interactions [73] with the mathematical formula is stated in Table 2. As outlined in Table 3 and Fig. 1Sd (Supplementary material), the computed R2 were 0.9054 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 0.9066 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 0.9166 for 25 mg L−1 arsenate solution. Besides, the (α) magnitude was detected to increase by enhancing the As(V) concentration as this chemisorption action interpret the occurrence of internal sphere complexation between As(V) ions and Bi-ene-QDs at pH 3.0. While, (β) magnitudes were found to decrease upon enhancing the As(V) ions concentration due to the decline in the attainable sites on Bi-ene-QDs.

Eventually, according to R2 magnitudes, the pseudo-second order with chemisorption interaction behavior is the most convenient pattern to depict the adsorptive capture of As(V) onto Bi-ene-QDs.

To study the combined effective factors such as pH, mass dosage, and time in the removal process, a quadratic model Box Behnken was applied. The ANOVA results were evaluated, and the P-value was less than 0.05 indicating the model terms are significant. The model F-value 179.03 implies the model is significant. The predicted R2 0.9451 is in a reasonable agreement with the adjusted R2 0.9889; to confirm that the difference is less than 0.2. the final equation in terms of coded factors is given by the following expression: % Removal = 87.68–10.12A + 18.38B + 8.00C + 2.50AB + 6.25AC-6.25BC-13.29B2-4.04C2 where A is the pH, B is the mass dosage and C is the time. The response surface plots for the removal process are illustrated in Fig. 5c to refer that the pH, mass dosage and time interactions have a high effect on the removal process.

The As(V) concentration influence on capture by Bi-ene-QD and adsorption isotherms

The influence of various concentrations of As(V) on its removal by Bi-ene-QDs was examined using concentrations in the range 5–50 mg L−1 in presence of 10 and 20 mg masses of Bi-ene-QDs. As illustrated in Fig. 6a. the removal percentages were 95.52 and 99.10% at 5 mg L−1 by 10 mg and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs, correspondingly. While, with increasing arsenate concentration, the removal percentage declined to 62.71% for 10 mg and 66.86% for 20 mg Bi-ene-QDs via 50 mg L−1 arsenate. On the other hand, the (qe) was enhanced with elevating As(V) concentration. Subsequently, the depression in removal percentage with increasing As(V) concentration is due to the decline in the number of attainable sites on Bi-ene-QDs [60]. While the increasing of arsenate removal magnitudes (qe) with increasing arsenate concentration is due to the elevation of As(V) mobile power that facilitate faster As(V) spreading through Bi-ene-QDs attainable positions [62].

Fig. 6
figure 6

a The arsenate concentration influence on As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs. b Freundlich model for As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs. c. Redlich-Peterson model for As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image

In order to investigate the interaction between arsenate ions and Bi-ene-QDs, adsorption isotherms were studied. The studied adsorption isotherms are Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Rasushkevich (D-R), Redlich-Peterson in addition to Temkin. Firstly, the Langmuir isotherm hypothesis suggested the removal process to take place on attainable sites at adsorbent with symmetric energy distribution without combination among adsorbed species and the mathematical formula is stated at Table 4 [75]. As provided in Fig. 2Sa (Supplementary material) and Table 5, the R2 magnitudes were identified as 0.9697 and 0.9552, besides the (qmax) were found to correspond to 68.97 and 70.42 (mg/g) for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs. These are higher than the other reported applied nanocomposites for removal of As(V) from water as mentioned in Table 7 to assure the excellent removal efficiency of Bi-ene-QDs. The Langmuir separation constant (RL) magnitudes are detected to be (0.3887–0.0598) and (0.3225–0.0454) by 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs to refer to the appropriate removal operation as RL magnitudes is greater than zero and less than one to confirm a spontaneous process [62].

Table 4 Several examined isotherm models for adsorptive sequestration of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD
Full size table
Table 5 Computed isotherm magnitudes for adsorptive sequestration of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD
Full size table

The Freundlich isotherm depicts asymmetric surface, besides the exponential apportionment of attainable positions and their energies. Further, this pattern hypothesis the multiple laminates coverage at asymmetric adsorption attainable positions at adsorbent as stated at Table 4 [75]. According to Fig. 6b and Table 5, the R2 magnitudes were found 0.9977 and 0.9784, while the n magnitudes are 2.37 and 3.07 for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs, which interpret the favorable removal operation of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs to indicate an appropriate removal process because the n-values are between 2–10 [76].

Temkin isotherm hypothesis is based on the coverage increase onto adsorbent surface, while the adsorption heats of molecules decrease linearly to result in a uniform distribution of binding energies up to the maximum. This favors an electrostatic attraction removal mechanism depending on chemisorption process [77], while the mathematical formula is listed at Table 4. According to Fig. 2Sb (Supplementary material) the R2 magnitudes were 0.9439 and 0.8504 for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs, besides the other parameters are stated at Table 5.

The Redlich-Peterson isotherm is multilateral isotherm which is based on an empirical formula of a combination between Freundlich along with Langmuir patterns for depicting the symmetric and asymmetric systems as given by the mathematical formula in Table 4. The g-exponent is at the extent (0 ≤ g ≤ 1), and as the g is equal to one the pattern is corresponding to Langmuir pattern, and when g is equal to zero the pattern is turned to linear pattern [70]. According to Fig. 6c and Table 5, the R2 magnitudes are 0.9988 and 0.9949, while g magnitudes are 0.5783 and 0.6741 for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs.

The D-R isotherm hypothesis was also investigated in this work according to the mathematical formula listed in Table 4 [63]. According to Fig. 2Sc (Supplementary material) and Table 5, the R2 magnitudes were 0.7358 and 0.6389 for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs which are very low value indicating poor convenience of this isotherm, besides the Es measurements were found 2.3 and 5 (kJ /mol) for 10 and 20 mg of Bi-ene-QDs to refer to physisorption removal of As(V) onto Bi-ene-QDs because the Es values are less than 8 (kJ/mol) [62].

Eventually, according to the previously mentioned data and R2 magnitudes, the most appropriate models to depict the interaction of As(V) ions and Bi-ene-QDs are Freundlich in addition to Redlich-Peterson isotherms.

The temperature influence on capture of As(V) Bi-ene-Qd

For investigating the temperature influence on the adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs, the temperature range 25–60 °C was selected and applied. As clarified in Fig. 7a, the removal percentages were declined with elevating the temperature. At 25 °C the adsorptive capture percentages of As(V) were 95.2 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 90.44 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 87.59% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate. While at 60  C, these were found 74.4 for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 66.53 for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 63.399% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate. The thermodynamic characteristics of adsorptive capture of As(V) by Bi-ene-QDs, thermodynamic parameters as (ΔH°), (ΔS°), besides (ΔG°) were estimated from Van’t Hoff graph from Eqs. (3, 4, 5 and 6) [73].

$$\text{ln Kd }= \Delta \text{S}^\circ /\text{R}-\Delta \text{H}^\circ /\text{RT}$$
(3)
$$\Delta \text{G}^\circ =-\text{RT lnKD}$$
(4)
$$\text{KD}=\text{qe}/\text{ce}$$
(5)

where KD is the sorption equilibrium constant (L/g), Ce arsenate concentration at equilibrium (mg/L) the, qe the sequestered arsenate by Bi-ene-QDs (mg/g). According to Van’t Hoff graph, when lnKD verses 1/T as provided in Fig. 7b, (ΔS°) as well as (ΔH°) values were computed and compiled in Table 6. Thus, the negative estimates of (ΔH°) and (ΔG°) refers to exothermic and spontaneous interaction between As(V) ions and Bi-ene-QDs, while negative ΔS° values elucidates a decrease in entropy leading to less randomized system due to the action of As(V) adsorptive capture onto Bi-ene-QDs [78].

Fig. 7
figure 7

a Effect of temperature on As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs. b Van’t Hoff graph for As(V) sequestration by Bi-ene-QDs

Full size image
Table 6 Thermodynamic parameters for the arsenate abstraction by (Bi-ene-QDs) at several temperatures
Full size table

Recycling process of Bi-ene-QD

Bi-ene-QDs were subjected to adsorptive capture of As(V) from water for several cycles to clarify its capacity, environmental and economic implementations. A 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution was utilized for desorption of As(V) from Bi-ene-QDs. The removal percentages of As(V) were as following at the first cycle was 88.73%, while the second cycle was 74.75%, and the third cycle was 63.73% by using 5 mg L−1 arsenate. While at application of 25 mg L−1 concentration the removal percentages were confirmed by the first cycle as 76.35%, while the second cycle was 62.14%, and the third cycle was 51.47%. According to previously mentioned results, it can be concluded that Bi-ene-QDs exhibited a reasonable recyclability effectiveness and environmental stabilization. On the other hand, the decline in removal percentage after each cycle can be interpreted by embargo of the attainable sites on the Bi-ene-QDs due to incomplete desorption of arsenate by hydrochloric acid [79]. It is evident that HCl as a strong acid was found invalid in the regeneration process of Bi-ene-QDs based on the low percentage removal values of As(V), especially after the second and third cycles. Therefore, another recycling procedure was performed by using 100 mL 0.1 M NaCl as a neutral and recovery solution at each cycle. Three successive cycles were performed and the regenerated Bi-ene-QDs materials were employed to figure out their efficiency in removal of the same three As(V) concentrations, viz. 5, 10 and 25 mg L−1. The firstly recycled Bi-ene-QDs provided excellent removal values of As(V) by providing 91.97% (5 mg L−1), 87.72% (10 mg L−1) and 83.69% (25 mg L−1). The secondly treated Bi-ene-QDs exhibited good removal values of As(V) giving 87.07% (5 mg L−1), 84.02% (10 mg L−1) and 78.89% (25 mg L−1), while the third recycled material afforded 83.76% (5 mg L−1), 82.21% (10 mg L−1) and 77.15% (25 mg L−1). Therefore, it is concluded that the regeneration of Bi-ene-QDs material can be mainly favored by using neutral solutions as NaCl.

Bi-ene-qds application in capture of as(V) from actual water systems

A study was performed to validate the potential application of Bi-ene-QDs for removal of arsenate from several water specimens as tap, sea and wastewater. Therefore, 10 mg of Bi-ene- QDs was used to remove As(V) from 20 mL solution (5, 10 and 25 mg L−1) by the batch mode. The arsenate removal from tap water were 95.21% for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 92.22% for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 91.94% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate. While the adsorptive capture of arsenate onto Bi-ene-QDs from sea water sample provided 94.61% for 5 mg L−1 arsenate, 91.13% for 10 mg L−1 arsenate and 90.48% for 25 mg L−1 arsenate. Further, arsenate in wastewater exhibited removal percentages 94.38, 91.22 and 91.48% removal percentages from the three applied arsenate concentrations. Eventually, one can conclude that the assembled and investigated Bi-ene-QDs nanosorbent was found highly successful and effective in removal of As(V) pollutant from aqueous medium as well as actual water systems with the achievement of more than 90.0% removal efficiency.

Conclusion

Bi-ene-QDs nanosorbent was prepared from Bi(NO3)3·5H2O by green and facile one step hydrothermal reaction. The FT-IR analysis confirmed a vibrational peak at 3394 cm−1 for the hydroxyl group in the Bi-ene-QDs exterior surface, while the corresponding FTIR characterization of As(V)@Bi-ene-QDs referred to the appearance of As-O stretching vibration based on possible adsorptive capture of As(V) onto Bi-ene-QDs. Moreover, the XRD referred to the crystalline structure of The characterized Bi-ene-QDs material exhibited semi-spherical crystalline formula with average particle size 6.0 nm and surface area 157.78 m2/g. As(V) ions were optimally captured by 10 mg mass of Bi-ene-QDs at pH 3.0 and 40 min interaction duration. Internal sphere complexation was found to take place between As(V) and Bi-ene-QDs based on the elevated adsorptive capture percentage by enhancing the solution ionic strength. The adsorptive capture of As(VI) by Bi-ene-QDs followed an exothermic and spontaneous reactions, while the pseudo-second order pattern was identified as the most compatible kinetic model to depict this interaction process. Further, the Freundlich plus the Redlich-Peterson isotherms were found the most adequate patterns to depict the adsorptive capture reaction of As(VI) by Bi-ene-QDs. When, Bi-ene-QDs were applied to remove As(V) ions from actual water specimens, excellent results were accomplished according to adsorptive capture percentages as 94.61%, 95.21% and 94.38% from sea, tap and wastewater, correspondingly. Therefore, the current study presents Bi-ene-QDs as a novel and efficient nanosorbent for effective adsorptive capture of As(V) pollutant from aqueous medium as well as actual water systems compared versus previously reported materials as listed in Table 7 [58, 61, 73, 80,81,82,83].

Table 7 Comparisons of the adsorptive sequestration of As(V) by Bi-ene-QD versus other materials
Full size table

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  1. Yu H, Zhang J, Shaheen I, Ahmad M, Chen X, Akkinepally B, Hussain I. Nature-resembled nanostructures for energy storage/conversion applications. J Ind Eng Chem. 2024;129:53–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kaveh R, Mortazavi M, Alijani H, Abdouss M, Dehkalani AS, Mazinan S. Ternary nanohybrid of biochar/ NiFe2O4 /Ag3PO4 for simultaneous adsorption of Hg(II) and photodegradation of methylene blue; modeling, kinetic and isotherm studies. J Solid State Chem. 2024;331: 124503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kaveh R, Alijani H, Beyki MH. Oxine–mediated magnetic MnFe2O4-starch-based surface imprinted polymer toward highly selective Pb(II) targeting from aqueous environment. Microchem J. 2024;198: 110192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Deng YH, Chen JH, Yang Q, Zhuo YZ. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly PEK-C-based membranes with high forward osmosis performance. Chem Eng Res Des. 2021;170:423–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sun P, Xing Z, Li Z, Zhou W. Recent advances in quantum dots photo catalysts. Chem Eng J. 2023;458: 141399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zahed Z, Hadi R, Imanzadeh G, Ahmadian Z, Shafiei S, Zadeh AZ, Karimi H, Akbarzadeh A, Abbaszadeh M, Ghadimi LS, Kafil HS, Kazeminava F. Recent advances in fluorescence nanoparticles “quantum dots” as gene delivery system: a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;254: 127802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Abdul Basit M, Ali MA, Masroor Z, Tariq Z, Bang JH. Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells: a review on interfacial engineering strategies for boosting efficiency. J Ind Eng Chem. 2023;120:1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Molla A, Youk JH. Recent progress on electroanalytical sensing of small molecules and biomolecules using carbon dots: a review. J Ind Eng Chem. 2023;127:62–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hoan BT, Thanh TT, Tam PD, Trung NN, Cho S, Pham VH. A green luminescence of lemon derived carbon quantum dots and their applications for sensing of V5+ ions. Mater Sci Eng B. 2019;251: 114455.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shen H, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Lin Q, Li Z, Chen L, Zeng Z, Li X, Jia Y, Wang S, Du Z, Li LS, Zhang Z. Visible quantum dot light-emitting diodes with simultaneous high brightness and efficiency. Nature photon. 2019;13:192–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Saikia M, Hazarika A, Roy K, Khare P, Dihingia A, Konwar R, Saikia BK. Waste-derivedhigh-yield biocompatible fluorescent carbon quantum dots for biological and nanofertiliser applications. J Environ Chem Eng. 2023;11: 111344.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Benavente E, Alegría M, Cortés P, Aliaga J, Villarroel R, Guzmán D, Ballesteros L, González G. Application of CdTe quantum dots sensitized titanate nanotubes in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation. J Environ Chem Eng. 2023;11: 110025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Song J, Huang G, Han D, Hou Q, Liu R. Alpha-MnO2 nanoneedle embedded in MgO-chitosan biochar for higher removal of arsenic from groundwater: Co-effects of oxidation and adsorption. J Alloy Compd. 2023;947: 169643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Huang J, Fu W, Wei Z, Cao H. Antimonene quantum dots as bifunctional fluorescent sensors for rapid detection of cation (Fe3+) and anions (CrO42−, Cr2O72−). APL Mater. 2023;11: 041101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Karami M, Yousif QA, Ghanbari M, Mahdavi K, Salavati-Niasari M. Green fabrication of graphene quantum dots from cotton with CaSiO3 nanostructure and enhanced photocatalytic performance for water treatment. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2022;47:7228–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu Z, Sun Y, Cao H. Unzipping of black phosphorus to form zigzag-phosphorene nanobelts. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3917.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Manikandan A, Chen Y, Shen C, Sher C, Kuo H, Chueh Y. A critical review on two-dimensional quantum dots (2D QDs): From synthesis toward applications in energy and optoelectronics. Prog Quantum Electron. 2019;68: 100226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Pu Y, Cai F, Wang D, Wang J, Chen J. Colloidal synthesis of semiconductor quantum dots toward large-scale production: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2018;57:1790–802.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang X, Sun G, Li N, Chen P. Quantum dots derived from two-dimensional materials and their applications for catalysis and energy. Chem Soc Rev. 2016;45:2239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhu N, Qiao J, Ye Y, Yan T. Synthesis of mesoporous bismuth-impregnated aluminum oxide for arsenic removal: Adsorption mechanism study and application to a lab-scale column. J Environ Manag. 2018;211:73–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Zhu N, Yan T, Qiao J, Cao H. Adsorption of arsenic, phosphorus and chromium by bismuth impregnated biochar: adsorption mechanism and depleted adsorbent utilization. Chemosphere. 2016;164:32–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Pan H, Chu H, Li Y, Pan Z, Zhao J, Zhao S, Huang W, Li D. Bismuthene quantum dots integrated D-shaped fiber as saturable absorber for multi-type soliton fiber lasers. J Materiomics. 2023;9:183–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Guo B, Wang S, Wu Z, Wang Z, Wang D, Huang H, Zhang F, Ge Y, Zhang H. Sub-200 fs soliton mode-locked fiber laser based on bismuthene saturable absorber. Opt Express. 2018;26:22750e60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Su X, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhang H, Yang K, Wang R, He J. Bismuth quantum dots as an optical saturable absorber for a 1.3 mm Q-switched solid-state laser. Appl Opt. 2019;58:16215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Dong L, Huang W, Chu H, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao S, Li G, Zhang H, Li D. Passively Qswitched near infrared lasers with bismuthene quantum dots as the saturable absorber. Opt Laser Technol. 2020;128: 106219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Song Y, Wang Y, Hou M, Du C, Chen K, Zhang Y, Jiang K. Effect of surface grafting with quaternized carbon quantum dots on nanofiltration membrane removing contaminants from micro-polluted river water. J Environ Chem Eng. 2023;11: 109244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Aragón FFH, Lelovsky L, Parizaka JG, Zela EG, Bendezu R, Gallegos RO, Coaquira JAH, Pacheco-Salazar DG, da Silva SW, Garnier J, Morais PC. Engineering Er-doped ZnO nanocrystals for As-removal: targeting water remediation. J Alloy Compd. 2024;977: 173251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Coomar P, Mukherjee A, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J, Verma S, Fryar AE, Ramos OER, Munoz MO, Gupta S, Mahanta C, Quino I, Thunvik R. Contrasting controls on hydrogeochemistry of arsenic-enriched groundwater in the homologous tectonic settings of Andean and Himalayan basin aquifers, Latin America and South Asia. Sci Total Environ. 2019;689:1370–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sevak P, Pushkar B. Arsenic pollution cycle, toxicity and sustainable remediation technologies: a comprehensive review and bibliometric analysis. J Environ Manag. 2024;349: 119504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhao D, Jiao S, Yi H. Arsenic exposure induces small intestinal toxicity in mice by barrier damage and inflammation response via activating RhoA/ROCK and TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2023;384:44–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wang C, Wang C, Chu H, Wang P, Zhao C, Fu H. In situ growth of MIL-101 (Fe) on waste PET plastic slices for effective arsenic removal. Sep Purif Technol. 2024;331:331125589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cai L, Xu B, Gan Y, Liu Y, Chen Z, Yang W, Zhang J, Jiang K. Effective removal of trace arsenic from groundwater by capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol. 2024;330: 125419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Banerjee S, Das R, Bhattacharjee C. Exceptional arsenic removal using novel mesoporous Mg-Al-Ti ternary composite oxide nanoparticles prepared via self-assembly templating method. Sep Purif Technol. 2023;326: 124795.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. World Health Organization. Guiedlines for drinkin-water quality. 4th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Radfard M, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Biglari H, Nazmara S, Hadi M, Yousefi N, Yousefi M, Abbasnia A, Mahvi AH. Drinking water quality and arsenic health risk assessment in Sistan and Baluchestan, Southeastern Province, Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2019;25:949–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Nazir MA, Elsadek MF, Ullah S, Hossain I, Najam T, Ullah S, Muhammad N, Shah SSA, ur Rehman A. Synthesis of bimetallic Mn@ZIF–8 nanostructure for the adsorption removal of methyl orange dye from water. Inorg Chem Commun. 2024;165: 112294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Shah SSA, Sohail M, Murtza G, Waseem A, et al. Recent trends in wastewater treatment by using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites: a critical view-point. Chemosphere. 2024;349: 140729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Valentín-Reyes J, Coreño O, Nava JL. Concurrent elimination of arsenic and hydrated silica from natural groundwater by electrocoagulation using iron electrodes. Chem Eng Res Des. 2022;184:103–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Pourbasheer E, Morsali S, Ansari S, Mirtamizdoust B, Vojoudi H, Ganjali MR. Extraction of trace quantities of copper using novel modified magnetite nanoparticles for atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Curr Anal Chem. 2022;18(8):907–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Aljubran MA, Ali Z, Wang Y, Alonso E, Puspasari T, Cherviakouski K, Pinnau I. Highly efficient size-sieving-based removal of arsenic(III) via defect-free interfacially-polymerized polyamide thin-film composite membranes. J Membr Sci. 2022;652: 120477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Mater JP, Modheji M, Emadi H, Vojoudi H. Efficient pre-concentration of As(III) in food samples using guanidine-modified magnetic mesoporous silica. J Porous Mater. 2020;27:971–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pholosi A, Naidoo BE, Ofomaja AE. Clean application of magnetic biomaterial for the removal of as (III) from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25:30348–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kubilay S, Demirci S, Can M, Aktas N, Sahiner N. Dichromate and arsenate anion removal by PEI microgel, cryogel, and bulkgel. J Environ Chem Eng. 2021;9: 104799.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Mondal MK, Garg R. A comprehensive review on removal of arsenic using activated carbon prepared from easily available waste materials. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2017;24:13295–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kong L, Wang Y, Andrews CB, Zheng C. One-step construction of hierarchical porous channels on electrospun MOF/ polymer/graphene oxide composite nanofibers for effective arsenate removal from water. J Chem Eng. 2022;435: 134830.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Balint R, Bartoli M, Jagdale P, Tagliaferro A, Memon AS, Rovere M, Martin M. Defective bismuthoxide as effective adsorbent for arsenic removal from water and wastewater. Toxics. 2021;9:158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Hassan SSM, Mahmoud ME, Tharwat RM, Abdelfattah AM. Bismuthene@ZnAlBi LDHs structure as a novel nanosorbent for efficient uptake of arsenic (V). Appl Water Sci. 2024;14:76–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wua L, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Zhang F, Huang W, Ma D, Zhao J, Wang Y, Ge Y, Huang H, Xu N, Kang J, Xiang Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang H. 1D@0D hybrid dimensional heterojunction-based photonics logical gate and isolator. Appl Mater Today. 2020;19: 100589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Hou J, Luo J, Hu Z, Li Y, Mao M, Song S, Liao Q, Li Q. Tremendous effect of oxygen vacancy defects on the oxidation of arsenite to arsenate on cryptomelane-type manganese oxide. Chem Eng J. 2016;306:597–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Girirajan M, Alagarsamy NB, Ramachandran K, Manimuthu RP, Pazhanivel D, Muthusamy KK, Sakkarapani S. Two dimensional layered bismuthene nanosheets with ultra-fast charge transfer kinetics as a superior electrode material for high performance asymmetric supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta. 2022;426: 140838.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rao NS, Rao LS, Gandhi Y, Ravikumar V, Veeraiah N (2010) Copper ion as a structural probe in lead bismuth arsenate glasses by means of dielectric and spectroscopic studies, Phys B. 4092–4100.

  52. Liang Y, Xu W, Fang J, Liu Z, Chen D, Pan T, Yu Y, Fang Z. highly dispersed bismuth oxide quantum dots/graphite carbon nitride nanosheets heterojunctions for visible light photocatalytic redox degradation of environmental pollutants. Appl Catal B. 2021;295: 120279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhang Z, Yang Q, Zhen X, Feng Z, Zhai X, Zhang X, Huang Y, Wang Q, Zhang H. Two-dimensional bismuthene showing radiation-tolerant third order optical nonlinearities. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:21626–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chava RK, Son N, Kang M. Bismuth quantum dots anchored one-dimensional CdS as plasmonic photocatalyst for pharmaceutical tetracycline hydrochloride pollutant degradation. Chemosphere. 2022;300: 134570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Köhler R, Siebert D, Kochanneck L, Ohms G, Viöl W. Bismuth oxide faceted structures as a photocatalyst produced using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Catalysts. 2019;9:533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Lincu D, Ionit S, Trica B, Culita DC, Matei C, Berger D, Mitran R. Bismuth-mesoporous silica-based phase change materials for thermal energy storage. Appl Mater Today. 2022;29: 101663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Yılmaz SN, Güngör A, Özdemir T. The investigations of mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of polydimethylsiloxane/bismuth (III) oxide composite for X/Gamma ray shielding. Radiat Phys Chem. 2020;170: 108649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Liu Y, Qiao L, Wang A, Li Y, Zhao L, Du K. Tentacle-type poly (hydroxamic acid)-modified macroporous cellulose beads: synthesis, characterization, and application for heavy metal ions adsorption. J Chromatogr A. 2021;1645: 462098.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Tharwat RM, Mahmoud ME, Abdelfattah AM, Hassan SSM. Decorated xanthan gum/alginate mingled hydrogel beads@La(III)-MOFs@reduced graphene oxide@graphene quantum dots nanohybrid for adsorptive capture and recovery of U(VI). J Mol Liq. 2023;390: 122960.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Mahmoud ME, El-Said GF, Elnashar AAS, Ibrahim GAA. Adsorptive capture of fluoride ion from water by Co/Fe-LDH@Avocado kernel seeds biochar@Caboxymethylcellulose nanobiosorbent: optimization, error function and multivariate analysis. J Ind Eng Chem. 2023;133:561–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Chang YY, Kang SH, Yang JK. Facile synthesis of flowered mesoporous graphene oxide-lanthanum fluoride nanocomposite for adsorptive removal of arsenic. J Mol Liq. 2019;279:32–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mahmoud ME, Abdelfattah AM, Tharwat RM, Nabil GM. Adsorption of negatively charged food tartrazine and sunset yellow dyes onto positively charged triethylenetetramine biochar: optimization, kinetics and thermodynamic study. J Mol Liq. 2020;318: 114297.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Mahmoud ME, Tharwat RM, Abdelfattah AM, Hassan SSM. U(VI) capture from water-based systems by decorated nanohybrid of Zn-BTC MOF with GQDs-rGO and alginate hydrogel. J Environ Chem Eng. 2023;11: 110497.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kong L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yan Q, Xu J, Quan X, Andrews CB, Zhang Z, Zheng C. Bowknot-like Zr/La bimetallic organic frameworks for enhanced arsenate and phosphate removal: combined experimental and DFT studies. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2022;614:47–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Goldberg S. Application of surface complexation models to anion adsorption by natural materials. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2014;33:2172–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu G, Zhang X, McWilliams L, et al. Influence of ionic strength, electrolyte type, and NOM on As (V) adsorption onto TiO2. J Environ Sci Health A. 2008;43:430–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ahmad M, Usman ARA, Hussain A-F, Tsang YF, Bundschuh J, Al-Wabel MI. Fabrication and evaluation of silica embedded and zerovalent iron composited biochars for arsenate removal from water. Environ Pollut. 2020;266: 115256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mahmoodi M, Aslibeiki B, Sakha MA, Zarei M. Oleaster seed-derived activated carbon/ferrite nanocomposite for Pb2+removal from wastewater. Mater Chem Phys. 2023;300: 127536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Guo X, Wang J. (A general kinetic model for adsorption: theoretical analysis and modeling. J Mol Liq. 2019;288: 111100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Pathania D, Bhat VS, Shivanna JM, Sriram G, Kurkuri M, Hegde G. Garlic peel based mesoporous carbon nanospheres for an effective removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions: Detailed isotherms and kinetics. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2022;276: 121197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Bujd´ak J Adsorption kinetics models in clay systems. (2020) The critical analysis of pseudo-second order mechanism. Appl Clay Sci 191: 105630.

  72. Wang Z, Kang SB, Yun HJ, Won SW. Efficient removal of arsenate from water using electrospun polyethylenimine/polyvinyl chloride nanofiber sheets. React Funct Polym. 2023;184: 105514.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Dudek S, Kołodynsk D. Arsenate removal on the iron oxide ion exchanger modified with Neodymium(III) ions. J Environ Manage. 2022;307: 114551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Srihari V, Das A. The kinetic and thermodynamic studies of phenol-sorption onto three agro-based carbons. Desalination. 2008;225:220–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kanagavalli P, Pandey GR, Bhat VS, Veerapandian M, Hegde G. Nitrogenated-carbon nanoelectrocatalyst advertently processed from biowaste of Allium sativum for oxygen reduction reaction. J Nanostruct Chem. 2021;11:343–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mallakpour S, Radfar Z, Feiz M. Chitosan/tannic acid/ZnFe layered double hydroxides and mixed metal oxides nanocomposite for the adsorption of reactive dyes. Carbohydr Polym. 2023;305: 120528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lou X, Boada R, Verdugo V, Simonelli L, Pérez G, Valiente M. Decoupling the adsorption mechanisms of arsenate at molecular level on modified cube-shaped sponge loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. J Environ Sci. 2022;121:1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Islam MS, Maamoun I, Falyouna O, Eljamal O, Saha BB. Arsenic removal from contaminated water utilizing novel green composite Chlorella vulgaris and nano zero-valent iron. J Mol Liq. 2023;370: 121005.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ren G, Wang X, Zheng B, Zhang Z, Yang L, Yang X. Fabrication of Mg doped magnetite nanoparticles by recycling of titanium slag and their application of arsenate adsorption. J Clean Prod. 2020;252: 119599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Yu Y, Zhang C, Yang L, Chen JP. Cerium oxide modified activated carbon as an efficient and effective adsorbent for rapid uptake of arsenate and arsenite: material development and study of performance and mechanisms. Chem Eng J. 2017;315:630–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Yu L, Ma Y, Ong CN, Xie J, Liu Y. Rapid adsorption removal of arsenate by hydrous cerium oxide-graphene composite. RSC Adv. 2015;5:64983–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lee S, Lingamdinne LP, Yang J, Koduru JR, Chang Y, Naushad M. Biopolymer mixture-entrapped modified graphene oxide for sustainable treatment of heavy metal contaminated real surface water. J Water Proc Eng. 2022;46: 102631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Yang H, Wang Y, Bender J, Xu S. Removal of arsenate and chromate by lanthanum-modified granular ceramic material: the critical role of coating temperature. Sci Rep. 2019;9:7690.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the supports provided by Faculty of Sciences, Alexandria University.

Funding

Open access funding provided by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB). This work is funded to publish as “Open Access” by The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 80205, Cairo, Egypt

    Saad S. M. Hassan & Rana M. Tharwat

  2. Faculty of Sciences, Chemistry Department, Alexandria University, Moharem Bey, Alexandria, Egypt

    Mohamed E. Mahmoud & Amir M. Abdelfattah

Authors
  1. Saad S. M. Hassan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohamed E. Mahmoud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rana M. Tharwat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  4. Amir M. Abdelfattah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Saad S.M. Hassan: Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing and Editing. Mohamed E. Mahmoud: Supervision, Conceptualization, Writing and Editing. Rana M. Tharwat: Experimental, Data collection, Characterization, Writing and Editing. Amir M. Abdelfattah: Supervision, Writing- Reviewing and Editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohamed E. Mahmoud.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not Applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hassan, S.S.M., Mahmoud, M.E., Tharwat, R.M. et al. Effective capture of As(V) from water by a facile one step hydrothermal synthesized of 2-D bismuthene quantum dots nanosorbent. BMC Chemistry 18, 202 (2024). https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s13065-024-01308-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doiorg.publicaciones.saludcastillayleon.es/10.1186/s13065-024-01308-x

Keywords

BMC Chemistry

ISSN: 2661-801X

Contact us