Alendronate repositioning as potential anti-parasitic agent targeting Trichinella spiralis inorganic pyrophosphatase, in vitro supported molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study

Table 2 Death numbers and mortality rates (%) of T. spiralis AW incubated with different concentrations of ALN and ABZ over a 96-h period

Adult			1 h	3 h	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h	72 h	96 h
Drug-free Control		Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	0^d ± 0	0.67^c ± 0.58	2^d ± 1	2.7^e ± 0.58	3^d ± 1
Drug-free Control		MR	0%	0%	0%	0%	4.46%	13.3%	18%	20%
DMSO Control		Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	0^d ± 0	1^c ± 1	2.3^d ± 0.58	3^e ± 1	3.7^d ± 0.58
DMSO Control		MR	0%	0%	0%	0%	6.66%	15.3%	20%	24.6%
ALN (µg/ml)	3.1	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	0^d ± 0	1^c ± 1	2.3^d ± 0.58	5.3^d ± 0.58	10^c ± 1
	3.1	MR	0%	0%	0%	0%	6.66%	15.3%	35.3%	66.6%
	6.2	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	0^d ± 0	1^c ± 1	3^d ± 1	8^c ± 1	11^bc ± 1
	6.2	MR	0%	0%	0%	0%	6.66%	20%	53.3%	73.3%
	12.4	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	1^cd ± 1	2.7^c ± 0.58	7.3^c ± 0.58	10^b ± 1	12.7^b ± 0.58
	12.4	MR	0%	0%	0%	6.66%	18%	48.6%	66.6%	84.6%
	24.8	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	2.3^bc ± 0.58	5.3^b ± 0.58	8^c ± 1	15^a ± 0	15^a ± 0
	24.8	MR	0%	0%	0%	15.3%	35.3%	53.3%	100%	100%
	49.6	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	0^c ± 0	7^a ± 1	9.3^a ± 0.58	13.7^a ± 0.58	15^a ± 0	15^a ± 0
	49.6	MR	0%	0%	0%	46.6%	62%	91.3%	100%	100%
ABZ (µg/ml)	25	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	1.7^b ± 0.58	4^b ± 1	7^b ± 1	11^b ± 1	15^a ± 0	15^a ± 0
	25	MR	0%	0%	11.3%	26.6%	46.6%	73.3%	100%	100%
	50	Mean ± SD	0^a ± 0	0^a ± 0	3.7^a ± 0.58	8.7^a ± 0.58	11.3^a ± 0.58	15^a ± 0	15^a ± 0	15^a ± 0
	50	MR	0%	0%	24.6%	58%	75.3%	100%	100%	100%
p-value			–	–	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**	< 0.001^**

MR mortality rate
Mean number of adults worms in each group is 15
Three replicas for each group. Data was expressed using Mean ± SD
F: F for One way ANOVA test, pairwise comparison between each 2 groups were done using Post Hoc Test (Tukey)
Different small letters^(a−e) indicate significant difference at (p ≤ 0.05) between study groups
Similar small letters^(a−e) indicate non-significant difference between study groups
p-value > 0.05 is non-significant, *p-value ≤ 0.05 is statistically significant, ** p-value < 0.001 is highly significant

ISSN: 2661-801X