Table 5 Fouling mechanisms, model, and fouling parameters obtained from Hermia’s model

Cake formation

Model 1

1/J = 1/Jo² + K_cf.t

0.8677

0.8993

5.35 × 10^− 5

2.22 × 10^− 5

Standard blocking

Model 2

1/J^0.5= 1/Jo^0.5+ K_sbt

0.9425

0.8378

1.34 × 10^− 3

1.11 × 10^− 3

Intermediate blocking

Model 3

1/J = 1/Jo + K_ibt

0.9400

0.8686

5.67 × 10^− 4

3.71 × 10^− 4

Complete blocking

Model 4

ln (J) = ln (Jo) – K_cbt

0.9133

0.7965

1.30 × 10^− 2

1.35 × 10^− 2