Sustainable and technically smart spectrophotometric determination of PAXLOVID: a comprehensive ecological and analytical performance rating

Table 5 Different analytical methods for the determination of NMV and RIT in different matrices

Method	Sample Type	Injection volume	Stationary phase	Mobile phase/ Solvent	Linearity range μg/mL	LOQ μg/mL		Detector	Refs.
Spectrophotometry	Tablets	–	–	EtOH	10–250	NMV	¹D 4.14 ²D 8.04 DWZ8.14	UV	This work
Spectrophotometry	Tablets	–	–	EtOH	10–250	RIT	¹D 9.75 ²D 7.35 DWZ8.35	UV	This work
TLC-DAD	Tablets and spiked human plasma	10 µL	TLC aluminum silica gel plates	A: MeOH B: H₂O C: 2% urea solution of β-cyclodextrin (40:10:0.5)	1–5	NMV 0.21 RIT 0.13		215 nm	[14]
HPLC–DAD	Tablets	20 µL	C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size)	A: 20% Water B: 80% EtOH Flow rate: 1 mL/min Run time 10 min	1–20	NMV 0.6 RIT 0.96		215 nm	[15]
CE-DAD	Tablets and in presence of degradation products	Inject at 50 mbar pressure, for 17 s	silica capillary (50 cm effective length × 50 μm id)	50 mM borate buffer pH 9.2 with 25 mM sodium lauryl sulfate Run time 7 min	NMV 10–200 RIT 5–100	NMV 2.78 RIT 1.95		210 nm	[16]
HPLC–DAD	Tablets and in presence of degradation products	20 µL	C18 (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm particle size)	A: 50% 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5 B: 50% ACN Flow rate: 1 mL/min Run time 7 min	NMV 10–200 RIT 5–100	NMV 2.22 RIT 1.23		210 nm	[16]
UPLC-MS/MS	Human plasma	5 µL	BDS Hypersil C18 column (4.6 × 100 mm, 2.4 μm)	Gradient elution A: 0.1% formic acid H₂O B: 0.1% formic acid MeOH Flow rate: 0.8 mL/min Run time 7 min	NMV 50–5000 RIT 10–1000 ng/mL	NMV 50 RIT 10 ng/mL		NMV m/z 500.2→ 319.0, RIT m/z 721.3 →267.8	[13]

ISSN: 2661-801X